Implicit and Explicit Costs GDP vs GNP Q5 - Estate Agent's Examination Part 1&2

Q.
(a) Describe the difference between explicit costs and implicit costs by definition, concept and appropriate examples. (12 marks)

(b) Describe the difference between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) in measuring national income. (8 marks)

(20 marks, 2015 Q5)

(18.09.2015)
A.

(a) Explicit costs vs Implicit costs.

Repeat again 2018 Q7b.

Wikipedia has the following explanation for 'implicit cost':

In economics, an implicit cost, also called an imputed cost, implied cost, or notional cost, is the opportunity cost equal to what a firm must give up in order to use factor of production which it already owns and thus does not pay rent for. It is the opposite of an explicit cost, which is borne directly.[1] In other words, an implicit cost is any cost that results from using an asset instead of renting it out or selling it. The term also applies to foregone income from choosing not to work.

Implicit costs also represent the divergence between economic profit (total revenues minus total costs, where total costs are the sum of implicit and explicit costs) and accounting profit (total revenues minus only explicit costs). Since economic profit includes these extra opportunity costs, it will always be less than or equal to accounting profit.[2]

Lipsey (1975) uses the example of a firm sitting on an expensive plot worth $10,000 a month in rent which it bought for a mere $50 a hundred years before. If the firm cannot obtain a profit after deducting $10,000 a month for this implicit cost, it ought to move premises (or close down completely) and take the rent instead.[1] In calculating this figure, the firm ought to ignore the figure of $50, and remember instead to look at the land's current value.[1]

Ref:

Wikipedia search 'implicit cost', available at

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_cost

What is the difference between an implicit cost and an explicit cost?

An implicit cost is a cost that has occurred but it is not initially shown or reported as a separate cost. On the other hand, an explicit cost is one that has occurred and is clearly reported as a separate cost. Below are some examples to illustrate the difference between an implicit cost and an explicit cost.

Let's assume that a company gives a promissory note for $10,000 to someone in exchange for a unique used machine for which the fair value is not known. The note will come due in three years and it does not specify any interest. Due to the company's weak financial position it will have to pay a high interest rate if it were to borrow money. In this example, there is no explicit interest cost. However, due to the issuer's financial difficulty and the seller having to wait three years to collect the money, there has to be some interest cost. In other words, there is some interest and it is implicit.

To properly record the note and the machine, the accountant must determine the amount of the interest, which is known as imputing the interest. In effect the accountant must convert the implicit interest to explicit interest. This is done by discounting the $10,000 by using the interest rate that the issuer of the note would have to pay to another lender. If the rate is 12% per year, the interest that was implicit in the note is $2,880 and the principal portion of the note is the remaining $7,120.

If another company with the same financial condition purchased this unique machine by issuing a $7,120 note with a stated interest rate of 12% per year, the interest cost of $2,880 would be explicit. In this situation, there is no need to impute the interest.

Another example of an implicit cost is the opportunity cost of a sole proprietor working in her own business. For example, Gina works as a sole proprietor and her business reported a net income of $30,000 for the year. Since a sole proprietor does not receive a salary or wages, there is no explicit cost reported for Gina's work in her business. However, if Gina is foregoing a salary of $40,000 from another company, that is an implicit cost for her business. After considering this implicit cost, Gina is losing $10,000 by working in her proprietorship.

If Gina operates her business as a corporation, Gina will be an employee of the corporation. If her annual salary is $40,000 the corporation's income statement would report the $40,000 salary as an explicit cost for Gina's work.

Ref:
Accounting Coach, available at
http://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/difference-implicit-cost-and-explicit-cost